Bursa atmosferindeki poliaromatik hidrokarbonların (PAH'ların) seviyeleri ve çökelme mekanizmaları
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Date
2013
Authors
Birgül, Aşkın
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Bursa İli'ndeki dört farklı örnekleme bölgesinden (Uludağ Üniversitesi Kampusü (UÜK), Yavuzselim (YS), TÜBİTAK BUTAL (TB) ve Mudanya) alınan dış ortam hava örneklerinde PAH'ların konsantrasyonları, kuru çökelme, ıslak çökelme ve toplam çökelme akı değerleri belirlenmiştir. Örnekleme dört mevsimi yansıtması bakımından Haziran 2008-Haziran 2009 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Konsantrasyon örnekleri yüksek hacimli hava örnekleyicisi (YHHÖ), akı örnekleri ise su yüzeyi örnekleyicisi (SYÖ), ıslak kuru çökelme örnekleyicisi (IKÇÖ) ve toplam çökelme örnekleyicisi (TÇÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır.Ortalama toplam (gaz+partikül) PAH konsantrasyonları UÜK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgelerinde sırasıyla 28±49, 184±276, 131±131 ve 73±108 ng/m3 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen değerler literatürde benzer bölgeler için elde edilen değerlerle uyumluluk göstermektedir. UUK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgelerinde tespit edilen toplam PAH konsantrasyon değerlerinin sırasıyla %68, %78, %86 ve %73'ünün gaz fazda olduğu belirlenmiştir. Moleküler ağırlığı az olan PAH türleri gaz fazda daha yoğun olarak bulunurken, moleküler ağırlığı fazla olan türler partikül fazda bulunmaktadır.UÜK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgelerinde PAH bileşiklerinin SYÖ ile tespit edilen ortalama toplam (partikül+çözünmüş) kuru çökelme akı değerleri sırasıyla 3992±2706, 7777±4516, 5867±3610 ve 4498±3702 ng/m2-gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Kuru çökelme akı değerlerinin çözünmüş fazda partikül faza oranla daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Akı ve konsantrasyon değerleri kullanılarak PAH'lar için partikül fazda hesaplanan kuru çökelme hız değerleri UÜK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgeleri için sırasıyla 0,91±1,17, 2,26±0,94, 1,18±0,98, 1,23±1,18 cm/s iken kütle transfer katsayısı (KTK) değerleri ise sırasıyla 0,95±0,91, 1,53±1,20, 1,39±0,98, 1,60±1,29 cm/s olarak bulunmuştur. TÇÖ ile tespit edilen toplam çökelme akı değerleri UÜK örnekleme bölgesinde 525±1090 ng/m2-gün iken YS örnekleme bölgesinde 2213±2921 ng/m2-gün olarak bulunmuştur. Bulunan değerler literatür değerleri ile örtüşmektedir.Toplanan örneklerde tespit edilen ortalama toplam (partikül+çözünmüş) yağmursuyu PAH konsantrasyon değerleri UÜK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgeleri için sırasıyla 552±600, 1347±1308, 859±612 ve 693±733 ng/L olarak tespit edilirken ortalama toplam ıslak çökelme akı değerleri (partikül+çözünmüş) ise sırasıyla 5700±5990, 41360±34575, 22439±19598, 44469±54412 ng/m2-gün olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yağmursuyu konsantrasyonu ve ıslak çökelme akı değerlerinde, partikül faz değerlerinin çözünmüş faz değerlerine göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.PAH bileşiklerinin yıkanma oranları UÜK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgeleri için partikül fazda 4,11x105±2.86x105, 9,49x105±11,0x105, 8,52x105±10,9x105, 3,29x105±3,45x105, çözünmüş faz yıkanma oranı ise 8,15x105±10,09x105, 4,05x105±4,47x105, 8,97x105±11,3x105, 5,22x105±4,30x105 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen değerler literatür değerleri ile benzerlik göstermektedir.
In this study, ambient air PAH concentrations, dry deposition, wet deposition and bulk deposition fluxes were determined in the air samples taken from four different sites in Bursa (The Uludag University Campus (UUC), Yavuzselim (YS), TÜBİTAK BUTAL (TB) and Mudanya). Sampling campaign was carried out between June 2008 and June 2009 to emphasize the seasonal variation. Air samples were collected with high volume air sampler (HVAS) while deposition fluxes were collected with water surface sampler (WSS), wet and dry deposition sampler (WDDS) and bulk deposition sampler (BDS).The average total PAH concentration values of the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites were determined to be 28±49, 184±276, 131±131 and 73±108 ng/m3, respectively. The values measured in the present study were within the range of previously reported values in the literature. Total concentration values of PAH compounds were 68%, 78%, 86% and 73% in the gas phase at the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Low molecular weight PAH compounds were primarily in the gas phase while high molecular weight PAHs were mainly found in the particulate phase.Average total dry deposition fluxes of PAHs were determined with the WSS and the average values were 3992±2706, 7777±4516, 5867±3610 and 4498±3702 ng/m2-day for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Dissolved phase dry deposition fluxes of PAHs were determined higher than the gas phase fluxes. Dry deposition velocities of PAHs were calculated using of atmospheric concentration and flux values and in the particle phase values were 0,91±1,17, 2,26±0,94, 1,18±0,98, 1,23±1,18 cm/s while the mass transfer coefficient (MTC) of PAHs were 0,95±0,91, 1,53±1,20, 1,39±0,98, 1,60±1,29 cm/s for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Bulk deposition fluxes of PAHs were determined with the BDS and the average values were 525±1090 ng/m2-day and 2213±2921 ng/m2-day for the UUC and the YS sampling site. Obtained results were in good agreement with literature values.The average total rainwater PAH concentration values, measured with the WDDS were, 552±600, 1347±1308, 859±612 and 693±733 ng/L for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. While the average wet deposition flux of PAHs were determined 5700±5990, 41360±34575, 22439±19598, 44469±54412 ng/m2-day for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Rainwater concentration and wet deposition fluxes of PAH compounds were found to be higher in the particle phase than the dissolved phase.Average washout ratios of PAH compounds were determined as 4,11x105±2.86x105, 9,49x105±11,0x105, 8,52x105±10,9x105, 3,29x105±3,45x105 and 8,15x105±10,09x105, 4,05x105±4,47x105, 8,97x105±11,3x105, 5,22x105±4,30x105 for the dissolved and particle phases at the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Obtained results were shown similarity with the previously reported values in the literature.
In this study, ambient air PAH concentrations, dry deposition, wet deposition and bulk deposition fluxes were determined in the air samples taken from four different sites in Bursa (The Uludag University Campus (UUC), Yavuzselim (YS), TÜBİTAK BUTAL (TB) and Mudanya). Sampling campaign was carried out between June 2008 and June 2009 to emphasize the seasonal variation. Air samples were collected with high volume air sampler (HVAS) while deposition fluxes were collected with water surface sampler (WSS), wet and dry deposition sampler (WDDS) and bulk deposition sampler (BDS).The average total PAH concentration values of the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites were determined to be 28±49, 184±276, 131±131 and 73±108 ng/m3, respectively. The values measured in the present study were within the range of previously reported values in the literature. Total concentration values of PAH compounds were 68%, 78%, 86% and 73% in the gas phase at the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Low molecular weight PAH compounds were primarily in the gas phase while high molecular weight PAHs were mainly found in the particulate phase.Average total dry deposition fluxes of PAHs were determined with the WSS and the average values were 3992±2706, 7777±4516, 5867±3610 and 4498±3702 ng/m2-day for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Dissolved phase dry deposition fluxes of PAHs were determined higher than the gas phase fluxes. Dry deposition velocities of PAHs were calculated using of atmospheric concentration and flux values and in the particle phase values were 0,91±1,17, 2,26±0,94, 1,18±0,98, 1,23±1,18 cm/s while the mass transfer coefficient (MTC) of PAHs were 0,95±0,91, 1,53±1,20, 1,39±0,98, 1,60±1,29 cm/s for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Bulk deposition fluxes of PAHs were determined with the BDS and the average values were 525±1090 ng/m2-day and 2213±2921 ng/m2-day for the UUC and the YS sampling site. Obtained results were in good agreement with literature values.The average total rainwater PAH concentration values, measured with the WDDS were, 552±600, 1347±1308, 859±612 and 693±733 ng/L for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. While the average wet deposition flux of PAHs were determined 5700±5990, 41360±34575, 22439±19598, 44469±54412 ng/m2-day for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Rainwater concentration and wet deposition fluxes of PAH compounds were found to be higher in the particle phase than the dissolved phase.Average washout ratios of PAH compounds were determined as 4,11x105±2.86x105, 9,49x105±11,0x105, 8,52x105±10,9x105, 3,29x105±3,45x105 and 8,15x105±10,09x105, 4,05x105±4,47x105, 8,97x105±11,3x105, 5,22x105±4,30x105 for the dissolved and particle phases at the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Obtained results were shown similarity with the previously reported values in the literature.
Description
Keywords
PAH, Konsantrasyon, Kuru çökelme akısı, Toplam çökelme akısı, Yağmursuyu konsantrasyonu, Islak çökelme akısı, Kuru çökelme hızı, Yıkanma oranı, Concentration, Dry deposition flux, Bulk deposition flux, Rainwater concentration, Wet deposition flux, Dry deposition velocity, Washout ratio
Citation
Birgül, A. (2013). Bursa atmosferindeki poliaromatik hidrokarbonların (PAH'ların) seviyeleri ve çökelme mekanizmaları. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.