Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi / Uludağ Bee Journal

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A cheaply non-destructive techique to estimate honey quality: Thermal imaging and machine learning
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2024-04-16) Kibar, Mustafa
The aim of this study was to estimate honey quality based on proline and Brix content using a thermal imaging and machine learning algorithm. The proline, Brix and color properties of twenty honey samples were determined. Proline and Brix values were classified and estimated using the classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm. The mean proline and Brix content in honey samples was 678.83±192.16 mg/kg and 83.2±0.79%, respectively. CART analysis revealed that high proline honey samples had L values above 48.143 and b* values below 35.416. In contrast, honey samples with low Brix values were characterized by L and a* values below 55.860 and 53.660, respectively, and were identified as freshly harvested. The CART algorithm classified the proline and Brix values with an accuracy of 95% and 100%, respectively (p< 0.001). As a result, whitish, bluish, blackish and greenish honeys are of higher quality due to high proline and low Brix content. However, to accurately assess honey quality based on its color traits, comprehensive studies with more honey samples and origin, are required.
A comparative study on the quality of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens developed from larvae after the collection of royal jelly
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-12-08) Shaara, Hossam F. Abou
Rearing bee queens is almost done utilizing grafting young larvae while the effects of grafting using old larvae after the collection of royal jelly on the quality of queens are not known. In fact, the production of royal jelly depends on grafting, then discarding the larvae to collect the royal jelly. This study aimed to investigate this point by grafting old larvae after removing them from their original cells without food. Larvae at age about 2 days were grafted into plastic queen cell cups (selection and grafting method or S&G method) leaving royal jelly behind and then resultant queens were compared with naturally reared ones (or NQ). The study showed the absence of significant variations between the queens reared from the two methods in characteristics of queens and cells. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found in regard to the performance of colonies. The colonies with queens from S&G method had slightly higher performance than those with NQ. The study concluded that grafting using old larvae without their original food does not impair the quality of queens. During the production of royal jelly, larvae may be grafted into new cells to continue their normal development instead of discarding them.
Amino acid composition and some physicochemical parameters of multi-floral honey from mountainous regions of Kyrgyzstan
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-08-29) Mazhitova, Aichurok; Smanalieva, Jamila
Mountain animal food products are at the center of attention due to their intrinsic value and, as such, mountain beekeeping products deserve attention and effort for their valorisation. The work aimed at investigating the quality traits of mountain honey samples from Kyrgyzstan, giving particular emphasis on the amino acid profiles and their possible relationship with the other chemical-physical characteristics. The moisture content, acidity, pH, and diastase activity of honey samples were within the limits established by normative documents. The honey samples showed a higher diastase activity (26.34 – 77.9 Schade units), which demonstrates the high quality and superiority of mountain honey. The amino acid content of Kyrgyz honey was investigated for the first time. The major amino acids were proline (1553 mg/kg), followed by phenylalanine (805 mg/kg), lysine (349 mg/kg), and arginine (261 mg/kg). The sum of essential amino acids ranged from 675 to 4506 mg/kg and that of total amino acids from 1539 to 8958 mg/kg. Weak positive correlations were found between the altitude of the collection area and asparagine, glutamine, histamine, glycine, threonine, alanine, proline, valine, and total amino acidity. The results form a basis for the establishment of quality standards for mountain honey.
Antibacterial effects of Anatolian propolis on paenibacillus larvae
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-09-20) Sevim, Elif; Bozdevedi, Arif; Pınarbaş, Müberra; Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Akpınar, Rahşan; Keskin, Merve; Kolaylı, Sevgi; Karaoğlu, Şengül Alpay
Paenibacillus larvae (P. larvae) is a pathogenic bacterium causing American Foulbrood Disease (AFB) in honeybee larvae. It is necessary to develop alternative strategies for the control of this disease due to the serious honeybee colonies loses and the use of antibiotics. Recent studies are aimed at the investigating natural fighting agents against P. larvae. In our study, it was aimed to demonstrate potential antibacterial efficacy of ethanol extract of Anatolian Propolis (EAP) against P. larvae strains PB35 and SV35 which were isolated in Turkey. The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of EEAP were determined as 181.73±5.20 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g, and 42.33±1.40 mg Quercetin Equivalents (QE)/g, respectively. It was found that EAP contains different amounts of ferulic, caffeic, coumaric acids, rutin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). The antibacterial activity of the EAP was determined by using agar-well diffusion, microdilution, and Bioscreen C techniques. The Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values of the EAP were determined as 74.87 μg/ml against strain PB35 and SV35 using both microdilution and Bioscreen C teqnique. In both techniques, Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values of the EAP were evaluated as 149 and 598.4 μg/ml against strain PB35 and SV35, respectively. The fact that EAP shows low concentrations of bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericide (MBC) activity values against P. larvae strains, spore-forming bacilli, which are agents of AFB disease, suggests that it may be a potential source in AFB disease control.
Antimicrobial activity of Egyptian sidr honey and its synergistic action with antimicrobial agents
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-11-16) Omran, Nageh S. M.; Hassan, Mostafa M. M.; Abdel-Rahman, Mohamed F.; Desoky, Abd El-Aleem S.S.; Hamouda, Sayed M.
Determine the in vitro antibacterial potential activity sidr honey produced in upper Egypt against five references bacterial strains (Gram positive and Gram negative strains) and its synergistic effect with some antimicrobial agents. Material & Methods: fifteen Sidr honey samples were collected from three Governorates in Upper Egypt. Honey samples were diluted and tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus by agar dilution method. Post determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, six honey samples were examined for their synergistic action with the ineffective antimicrobial agents. Results: In vitro antimicrobial sensitivity test, all bacterial strains showed multidrug resistance action against the 13 tested antimicrobial agents with high multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index, it was ≥ 0.38. All Sidr bee honey samples showing antibacterial activity against the five tested references bacterial strains. All Sidr bee honey samples, showed better synergistic effect with all antimicrobial agents against.
Antimicrobial analysis of propolis samples from different regions in Turkey
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2003) Silici, Sibel; Kaftanoğlu, Osman
Propolis (bee glue) is a resinous material which honey bees make by collecting material (A. mellifera L.) from plants and mixing it with beeswax. Propolis is used to reduce the entry of air into the hive and to enforce the thin sides of the frame. Propolis is used in folk medicine, apitherapy, cosmetics and the pharmaceutical industry for varies purposes because of reported antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties and anti-inflammatory properties. In this research the antibacterial activity of propolis collected from the different regions of Turkey is investigated. Antibacterial activity was assayed using S. aureus and E. coli. All of the propolis samples exhibited activity against S. aureus while the antibacterial activity against E. coli was found to be weaker.
Assessment of api tourism in turkey by swot analysis
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2018-12-20) Suna, Belma
In this research, the api tourism potential of Turkey was evaluated by SWOT analysis. The purpose of the study is to determine current situation of api tourism in Turkey within the scope of health tourism. Statistical databases of Turkey Bee Breeding Çenter Union, Turkey Statistical Institute and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the findings achieved by international and national studies have been utilized in the paper. At the end of the SWOT analysis strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and risks of the api tourism in Turkey has been determined. According to the findings, having the 3rd most significant beehive reserve in the world, being one of the 12 most essential gene centers of the world concerning flora, and applying apitheraphy methods that are considered as a part of the traditional and complementary medicine in accommodation centers is already legalized by the Ministry of health. Its vveaknesses are absence of provinces that have the most beehives in Turkey among the api routes, deficiency on promoting and marketing as a bee route, and underdeveloped api tourism consciousness.
Bacterial analysıs of marketed and raw honey in Turkey
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007) Wells, Harrington; Özakın, Cüneyt; Çakmak, İbrahim; Aydın, Levent; Mustafakemal Paşa Meslek Yüksekokulu; Tıp Fakültesi
Marketed honey samples (the products of 15 different firms obtained from superstores), and raw honey (obtained directly from 11 different apiaries from the Black Sea and Marmara regions of Turkey) were analyzed for bacteria species presence. Out of the 26 honey samples, bacteria were isolated in 23. Twice the number of species was isolated from marketed as raw honey. However, neither European Foulbrood (EFB) (Melissococcus pluton) nor American Foulbrood (AFB) (Paenibacillus larvae larvae) was detected in any of the samples. This suggests that sanitary measures and disinfection requirements may not be met in collecting, packaging and labeling honey for marketing.
Batı Mısır'daki yalnız arılar (hymenoptera: apoidea) çeşitliliği ve bunlarla ilişkili çiçek kaynaklarının palinolojik analizi
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2024-10-05) Hetita, Fatma R.; El-barbary, Nabil S.; Mohamed A. , Shebl; Esmaeil, Mohamed E. M.
Egypt is one of the important countries in terms of bee diversity in Northern Africa. The Eastern part of the country has been the subject of several studies over the last decade, especially in comparison to the Western part. In this work, we explore the diversity of solitary bees in the Alexandria Governorate, specifically in the Al Hawaria region (30°57'13" N, 29°40'27" E), based on two years of research conducted in 2021 and 2022. A total of 51 species were identified in the region: 25 species of Apidae, 16 of Megachilidae, 5 of Andrenidae, 4 of Halictidae, and one species of Colletidae. Pollen grain identification from plants and some solitary bee species revealed the creation of reference slides for pollen grains from 32 flowering plant species (both crops and wildflowers) across 19 plant families. The plant family preferences were varied among different bee genera. The most commonly visited plant families were Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, and Fabaceae, which accounted for 58% of the total bee-attracting flora. The pollen spectrum from the Xylocopa aestuans (L. 1758) nest consisted of two pollen types, while the nest of Osmia sp. contained a single pollen type.
Bee pollen: Its antioxidant activity
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-04-05) Tutun, Hidayet; Kaya, Muhammet Mükerrem; Usluer, Melike Sultan; Kahraman, Hatice Ahu
Bee pollen is a honey bee product containing over 250 biologically active substances such as phenolic bases, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes and coenzymes, vitamins and bio-elements. The composition of bee pollen may vary due to plant sources and its botanical and geographical origin. Bee pollen has been used since ancient times in traditional medicine for its therapeutic effects such as wound healing and hepatoprotective. Bee pollen has been reported to possess antioxidant and radical scavenging activities usually attributed to the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids which are plant-derived polyphenolic substances. The antioxidant capacity of bee pollen depends on the content of total polyphenolic substances. This review presents an overview of chemical composition and antioxidant activity of bee pollen.
Beekeeping and recent colony losses in Turkey
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2016-09-02) Çakmak, Selvinar Seven; Çakmak, İbrahim; Arıcılık Geliştirme Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
Beekeeping has a long history in Anatolia going back to Hittite civilization, B.C. 1300 about 9000 years. Also Turkey having at least five subspecies of Apis mellifera is a bridging country connecting Europe, Asia and Africa by Middle East and gene center of western Honey bee Apis mellifera. Anatolia also has three out of 37 phytogeography rich areas in the world and there are about 10.000 plant species and 3506 of them are endemic to this country. Turkey is representing one of the highest potential in world beekeeping with about 7,709,636 colonies, more than 150.000 families in beekeeping business, 79 Beekeeping Unions in each province as parts of Central Beekeeping Union of Turkey representing 56,000 professional beekeepers and 107,665 tons of honey production annually in Turkey. There are a number of factors affecting colony losses up to 80% high in some areas in Turkey including such as Varroosis, Nosemiosis, Foulbrood diseases, new generation of pesticides as neonicotinoids, queen failure, colony management and large scale long distance migratory beekeeping. Finally, Turkey still has great potential of genetic reservoir of western honey bee, Apis mellifera and may provide vital solutions for a number of beekeeping problems in the world facing today.
Biosecurity and good beekeeping practices in beekeeping
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-10-20) Borum, Ayşe Ebru
Biosecurity measures in beekeeping (BMBs) include measures taken to prevent the spread of diseases by minimizing the movement of microorganisms and pests in the apiary, preventing diseases and pests in the environment from reaching the apiary or reducing their effects. Biosafety principles aim to prevent infectious factors from entering the apiaries and spreading by humans, bees, feed, and technological systems in order to prevent them from adversely affecting bee health or honey quality. Good beekeeping practices (GBP) prevent or minimize the entry of important bee diseases and pests into the apiary and the spread between colonies and apiaries. Prevents negative effects on bee health, honey safety, honey quality, and production efficiency. BMBs can be effective if GBPs are implemented. In this study, it is aimed to provide information about bee health, protection from bee diseases, preventing the spread of diseases and pests among other colonies and apiaries in the same apiary, biosecurity and good beekeeping practices necessary to obtain quality and reliable bee products.
Bitkisel içerikli mısır arı balı, nimet mi lanet mi, duyusal, fizikokı̇myasal ve antibakteriyal Özellikler üzerindeki etkı̇si
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2024-10-11) El-kherbawy, Ghada; Hassan, Magda; Alla, Asmaa Abd
Herbal honey mixture remedies are well known for their therapeutic benefits in traditional medicine. This research aspired to assess melissopalynological, sensorial, physicochemical, & antibacterial activity for three types of honey (clover, citrus, and cucurbits) and their mixtures with black seed, date palm pollen, & wheat germ at 1, 2.5, & 5%. The best mixtures were chosen according to overall acceptability. Consumer’s preference was given to raw honey. However, some mixtures were as acceptable as raw honey. Melissopalynological analysis and lower glucose level compared to fructose are evidences that honeys are natural. Infusing herbs with different types of honey caused higher electrical conductivity, free acidity, ash, H2O2, HMF levels, and lower pH. Type of honey and herb may affect the physicochemical characteristics of honey in different ways. Honey whether used alone or in combination with the three herbs, demonstrated the same significant antibacterial effect for Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. Inhibition zones of honey and its mixtures were lower than the control for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Most undiluted samples created larger bacterial inhibition zones than their 50% diluted counterparts. Depending on the type of honey, the herb and additive concentration, infusing herbs with honey could alter its chemical, physical, and antibacterial qualities.
Changes in the quantıty of heavy metals in the haemolymph of worker bees fed mıcro-element contamınated sugar solutıon
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2004) Zhelyazkova, Ivanka; Marinova, Margarita; Gurgulova, Kalinka
The study was initiated by making 6 colonies (set in 10-frame Dadan Blatt bee-hives) equal by the method of analogues. The bees in the control group (3 colonies) were fed sugar solution without heavy metal additives, while those in the experimental group (3 colonies) were fed sugar solution containing 1,5 ppm Pb, 1,5 ppm Cd, 2,0 ppm Cu, 50,0 ppm Zn, 80,0 ppm Fe, 20,0 ppm Mn, 20,0 ppm Co. At the end of the experimental period (after the end of feeding) haemolymph samples were taken. After feeding the bees with sugar solution contaminated with Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co and Fe the quantity of all of these elements in the haemolymph of workers increased. The greatest percentage changes occurred in the levels of Mn, Cd and Pb (respectively 21,7 , 17,7 and 8,0 times higher than the control group). However, Cd was among the elements in lowest concentration in the food. On the basis of these results, the authors think that the haemolymph of bees shows promise for biomonitoring heavy metals in the environment (as an accumulative indicator).
Chemical investigations on honey produced in bıngol and surroundings
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2020-05-06) Ateş, Yilmaz; Yaşar, Semih
Bingol and the surrounding vicinity with its climatic conditions and rich flora is a convenient area for beekeeping. In this region, beekeeping activities are increasing day by day. In this study, by analyzing saccharose, invert sugar, pH, moisture and diastase enzyme activity, it is aimed to determine the conformity of the flower honey with standards that are produced in Bingol and its surrounding area. For this purpose, 7 honey samples were collected from seven distinct areas of Bingol and its surrounding (Bingol - Central, Kigi, Solhan, Karliova, Yayladere, Genc, Adakli) and analyzed. The average contents of sucrose, invert sugar, pH, moisture and amylase enzyme activity in honey samples were determined to be 1.65%, 80.23%, 2.81, 15.43% and 0.074 units mL-1, respectively. When the biochemical analysis average of all the regions was taken into consideration, the honey was found to comply with the Turkish Food Codex, and TS 3036 criteria in terms of the examined parameters. In order to develop the beekeeping industry and high quality honey production in this region, educational activities and financial support -with various projects - should be increased. The next step is to announce the findings obtained here about Bingol honey to the whole country and even abroad, with adequate advertising activities.
Colour preferences in relation to the foragıng performance and fitness of the bumblebee bombus terrestris
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2005) Raine, Nigel E.; Chittka, Lars
Bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) colonies showed significant variation in their unlearned preference for violet (bee UV-blue) over blue (bee blue) flowers. Bumblebee colonies with a higher average innate preference for violet (over blue) in the laboratory harvested more nectar per unit time under field conditions. Although this correlation was strong (rs=0.82), it narrowly missed statistical significance at the 5% level (p=0.089), but was significant at the 10% level. This increase in foraging performance appears to make evolutionary sense because, on average, violet flower species contain around four times the amount of sugar (in nectar) as flowers of any other colour in the local area. Interestingly, although colonies with a stronger preference for violet were more effective at nectar foraging, this increase in colony food availability was not predictably translated into investment in fitness, quantified as gyne (new queen) production.
Comparison of commercial and Anatolian bee venom in terms of chemical composition
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2019-02-16) Samancı, Taylan; Kekeçoğlu, Meral
We compared fresh bee venom samples produced by Anatolian beekeepers with commercial bee venom samples based on physicochemical analyses results. Sugar content analysis was conducted using HPLC-RID, moisture content analysis was performed using a moisture analyzer and melittin, apamin and phospholipase A2 contents were analyzed via HPLC-UV. When we compared the commercial bee venom samples with the freshly collected Anatolian honey bee venom, it was determined that the apamin, melittin and phospholipase A2 contents were generally lower in the commercial bee venom samples. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the moisture and phospholipase A2 contents (p <0.5). When we evaluated the sugar profile analysis, other than in maltose and erlose no difference was found between the two groups. The results showed that the content quality of the fresh bee venom samples collected from Anatolian honey bees was higher than that of the commercially sold bee venom samples. This result clearly indicated that bee venom samples intended for use in apitherapy or for cosmetic purposes should be obtained fresh or kept under very good conditions.
Comparison of honey, pollen and propolis amounts and honey quality obtained from bee pasture and highland
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2023-10-07) Çaçan, Erdal; Kutlu, Mehmet Ali; Uçar , Rıdvan; Özdemir, Selim; Kökten, Kağan; Mokhtarzadeh, Sam; Ekmekçi, Muammer
This study was carried out to determine the honey, pollen and propolis amounts and honey qualities obtained from the bee pasture established in Bingöl University between the years 2021-2022 and highland and to compare the bee pasture and the highland in terms of these characteristics. 10 beehives were used in the study. Five beehives were left in the bee pasture, and 5 of them were taken to the highland for comparison. The quantities of honey, pollen, and propolis per hive and the moisture, diastase, HMF, commercial glucose, C13 sugar, C4 sugar, and the difference between raw protein in honey and delta C13 sugar of honeys were determined for both locations. These quality parameters obtained were evaluated according to the Turkish Food Codex Honey Communiqué. As a result of the research, it was determined that there was no statistical difference between the amounts of pollen and propolis obtained from the bee pasture and the highland, and the amount of honey obtained from the highland was higher than the bee pasture. In addition, it has been determined that the honey obtained from both bee pasture and highland is at the "appropriate" level in terms of the limit values determined by the Turkish Food Codex Honey Communiqué in terms of quality criteria. In the light of these data, it has been understood that although the honey yield from bee pasture is low, it is sustainable and can be an alternative to migratory or highland beekeeping.
Comparison of physical and biochemical characteristics of different quality of Turkish honey
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2013) Cavdar, Sevda; Yıldız, Oktay; Şahin, Hüseyin; Karahalil, Fatma; Kolaylı, Sevgi
Honey adulteration is a serious ethical problem and results in many losses such as in nutrition, health and economy. While adulteration of honey is very easy, it is difficult to determine it and requires troublesome techniques. The aim of the present study was to determine some physical and biochemical to differentiated parameters between the natural and adulterated with saccharose syrup honeys. Therefore, moisture, color, optical rotation, fructose, glucose, maltose, ribose, arabinose, proline, 5-hydroxymethlfurfural (HMF), total phenolic substances and total antioxidant capacities were measured to find any difference. Proline content, total amount of phenolic substances were found as important parameters that can be used to distinguish natural honey from that produced by over-feeding of bees with saccharine.
Composition and Physico-Chemical properties of lyophilizet royal jelly
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2011) Balkanska, Ralitsa; Kashamov, Borislav
The aim of the research was to study some of the components and physico-chemical properties of lyophilized royal jelly (LRJ). Six royal jelly samples produced in Bulgaria were lyophilized. The samples were preserved at -18 0C before analysis. Water content, proteins, lipids, sugars, ash, pH, total acidity and electrical conductivity were analyzed. It was found that LRJ contains: water (3,49–4,76%), lipids (3,09–8,56 %), fructose, glucose and sucrose (24,27–32,67 %), ash (2,50–3,03 %), pH (3,8–4,0), total acidity (10,67–12,88 ml 0,1 N NaOH/g). The values of LRJ electrical conductivity of 1 % water solution was in the range 421–481 µS/cm.

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