İslâm hukukuna göre kripto para biriminin para olma keyfiyeti: Bitcoin örneği
Date
2019-08-22
Authors
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Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Kripto Para Birimi ve ilk örneği olan Bitcoin, teknolojinin finans ile birleşmesi ile geleneksel ödeme sistemlerine alternatif olarak ortaya çıkan, kişiler arası merkezi olmayan ve altyapısı Blockchain sistemine dayanan elektronik para sistemidir. Bitcoin kullanıcılarına işlemlerinde hızlı transfer ve düşük maliyet avantajları sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte merkezi olmayan yapısı, yasalara ve düzenlemelere tabi olmaması, kullanıcıların anonim olarak hesaplarını açabilmeleri ve işlem yapabilmeleri, değerindeki aşırı oynaklık, illegal işlerin finansmanında kullanılması ve siber saldırılara açık olması gibi riskleri içinde barındırmaktadır. Bitcoin, geleneksel para sisteminden farklı olarak merkezsiz olduğu ve farklı avantaj ve riskler barındırdığı için iktisatçıların ve İslâm hukukçularının tartışmalarının odak noktası haline gelmiştir. Bu minvalde iktisatçıların Bitcoin hakkındaki görüşleri vi dikkate alınarak İslâm hukukçularının konu ile ilgili yaklaşımları irdelenmiş ve Bitcoin’in İslâm hukukuna göre para olma keyfiyeti farklı açılardan değerlendirilmiştir. Müslümanların on dört asırlık ilmi birikimi, yeni ortaya çıkan para çeşitleri konusundaki modern tartışmalara önemli katkı sunmaktadır. İslâm hukukçularının Bitcoin hakkında olumsuz ve olumlu yaklaşımın yanında Bitcoin hakkında temkinli davranılmasının daha uygun olduğu yaklaşımı da mevcuttur. Olumsuz yaklaşıma sahip olanlar, Bitcoin’in para olmadığı gibi mal olma şartlarını da yerine getirmediğini savunmaktadır. Olumlu yaklaşıma sahip olanların bazılarına göre Bitcoin dijital bir değerdir, diğerlerine göre ise paradır. Bitcoin’in bir dijital değer ifade ettiği, fakat şimdilik paranın fonksiyonlarını icra etmediği bilgisi öne çıkmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Bitcoin sisteminin barındırdığı risklerin bir sonucu olarak kullanıcıların servetinin haksız kazanç veya kayıp ile sonuçlanabileceği için sistemin sunacağı artılar hakkında araştırma yapılması uygun görülmüş, fakat işlem yapma konusunda temkinli davranılmasının en uygun tavır olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Crypto Currency, and Bitcoin, which is the first type of this new currency unit, is an electronic interpersonal system that does not have a specific center, and its infrastructure is based on the Blockchain System, which emerged as an alternative to the traditional payment systems with the merger of technology and finance. Bitcoin offers its users fast money transfer and low cost advantages. However, its decentralized structure that emerged as a result of the merger of technology and finance hosts risks like not being subject to laws and regulations, users being able to open anonymous accounts and make transactions in this way, excessive fluctuations in its value, its being used in financing illegal businesses, and being vulnerable to cyber attacks. Bitcoin has become the focal point of discussions between economists and Islamic Law Specialists because -unlike the traditional monetary system- it is decentralized, and has different advantages and risks. In this respect, the approaches of Islamic Law Specialists were examined by considering the viewpoints of economists about Bitcoin, and the status of it in being accepted as a monetary unit according to Islamic Law was evaluated from different perspectives. Fourteen centuries of the accumulated knowledge of Muslims is contributing at a significant deal to the modern discussions on emerging currency types. In addition to the negative and positive approaches of Islamic Law Specialists about Bitcoin, there is also an approach which advises that it is more proper to be cautious about Bitcoin. Those who have negative perspectives argue that Bitcoin is not actual money, nor does it meet the requirements for being a commodity. For some who have positive arguments, Bitcoin is a digital value; and for others, it is money. It has been determined that Bitcoin represents a digital value; however, for now, it does not cover the functions of actual money. However, as a result of the risks hosted by the Bitcoin System, it was considered proper to examine the pros of the system as the wealth of the users may result in underserved gains or losses; however, it was also concluded that having a cautious attitude towards making transactions would be the most appropriate approach.
Crypto Currency, and Bitcoin, which is the first type of this new currency unit, is an electronic interpersonal system that does not have a specific center, and its infrastructure is based on the Blockchain System, which emerged as an alternative to the traditional payment systems with the merger of technology and finance. Bitcoin offers its users fast money transfer and low cost advantages. However, its decentralized structure that emerged as a result of the merger of technology and finance hosts risks like not being subject to laws and regulations, users being able to open anonymous accounts and make transactions in this way, excessive fluctuations in its value, its being used in financing illegal businesses, and being vulnerable to cyber attacks. Bitcoin has become the focal point of discussions between economists and Islamic Law Specialists because -unlike the traditional monetary system- it is decentralized, and has different advantages and risks. In this respect, the approaches of Islamic Law Specialists were examined by considering the viewpoints of economists about Bitcoin, and the status of it in being accepted as a monetary unit according to Islamic Law was evaluated from different perspectives. Fourteen centuries of the accumulated knowledge of Muslims is contributing at a significant deal to the modern discussions on emerging currency types. In addition to the negative and positive approaches of Islamic Law Specialists about Bitcoin, there is also an approach which advises that it is more proper to be cautious about Bitcoin. Those who have negative perspectives argue that Bitcoin is not actual money, nor does it meet the requirements for being a commodity. For some who have positive arguments, Bitcoin is a digital value; and for others, it is money. It has been determined that Bitcoin represents a digital value; however, for now, it does not cover the functions of actual money. However, as a result of the risks hosted by the Bitcoin System, it was considered proper to examine the pros of the system as the wealth of the users may result in underserved gains or losses; however, it was also concluded that having a cautious attitude towards making transactions would be the most appropriate approach.
Description
Keywords
Kripto para birimi, Crypto-currency, Bitcoin, Para, İslâm hukukunda para, Para çeşitleri, Money, Money in Islamic law, Types of money
Citation
Shaban, F. (2019). İslâm hukukuna göre kripto para biriminin para olma keyfiyeti: Bitcoin örneği. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.