Sosyal Bilimler Yüksek Lisans Tezleri / Master Degree

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11452/26

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Acquisition of referential meaning of words in a second language
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2001) Özen, Ufuk; Öztürk, Meral; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bölümü
The present study aims to search how L2 learners learn words. In particular, the acquisition of referential meaning of an L2 word, chair, was investigated in this study. The variables of the study were L2, L1 and prototypicality. The study was carried out in the Faculty of Education, Uludağ University, Turkey. Two different groups of subjects were used in the study. One group was the group of EFL learner subjects who helped to determine the second language "chair" category. The EFL learners were of different proficiency levels which was tested by a cloze test. The other group was the group of Turkish Native Speaker subjects. The Turkish Native Speakers' data were used to determine Turkish "sandalye" and "koltuk" categories. A picture test was used to test L2 category membership, L1 influence and prototypicality. Analysis of the results showed that as the proficiency increased, there occurred a tendency for more native like categorisation. The other results was that subjects were more accurate on non-chair items than chair items. Another result was that the performance of the subjects increased as the prototypicality of the items increased. A final result was that L1 has an influence on the referential range of L2 words.
Adult language learners' attitudes to the strategy training on vocabulary and reading in the classroom
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2005) Döner, Aslıhan; Karatepe, Çiğdem; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
The aim of the present study is to investigate the adult language learners’ attitudes towards vocabulary and reading strategies. Especially the affect of strategy training on the learners’ attitudes towards these strategies were examined. The study was conducted in a private language course in Bursa, Turkey. All of the language learners (112) in the course were firstly given pre-questionnaire to decide what kind of vocabulary and reading strategies the language learners have the tendency to use, later the results of the analysis of the pre-questionnaire revealed that mostly as they were the adult learners, they were aware of language learning strategies. However, the results revealed that the language learners had the tendency of learning English words by linking them with Turkish words or they like rote memorization. For reading, in general participants demonstrated that they had positive attitudes towards the use of these strategies however, while reading a text the subjects like translating the sentences into Turkish or not did not indicate a clear result. Moreover, some students demonstrated that they liked looking up a dictionary instead of guessing the unknown words during reading an English text. Then after strategy training a post questionnaire was given to investigate the control and experiment group’s attitudes towards vocabulary and reading strategies. 11 subjects were involved in control group and 13 of subjects involved in experiment group. The overall results of the analysis of the post-questionnaire demonstrated that the language learners in the experimental group have maintained much more positive attitudes than the learners in the control group eg: the students in the experimental group indicated that they did not favor rote memorization, translating the sentences into Turkish, looking up a dictionary for every unknown words...etc. In contrast they appear to think that the use of these strategies were a waste of time for them. Furthermore, 3 subjects from the control group and 3 subjects from the experimental group were interviewed inorder to check the attitudes of these learners towards vocabulary and reading strategies more clearly. The results obtained from the interview showed that three students in the experimental group employed much more positive attitudes towards vocabulary and reading strategies. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that more strategy training should be used in regular classroom activities.
Analysis of clinical detachment and philosophical advice found in W. Somerset Maugham's works
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 1997) Akkoç, Ayla; Barut, Erol; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
This study aims to analyse some of his short stories and novels from the point of these matters : 1) Clinical detachment in his study of human character and surgical precision and his emphasis on the social codes of the time in which he produced his stories and novels. 2) He expresses his ideas about life and intends to send his advice and messages to the readers. The first chapter is devoted to a discussion of his clinical detachment, his friend, Harold Acton, believes that Maugham never really got inside East Culture. It seems, therefore, that despite his strong desire to experience life to the fullest, Maugham ultimately chose or was forced to accept the position of detached observer, moving with the events around him.Perhaps he has chosen unusual position of detached involvement, so that he neither denied life nor became overwhelmed by it.. The second chapter deals with his philosophical advice and messages. Most of Maugham's books have on organic unity as a guide to right action in the relations between man and woman belonging to the ruling social class.
The analysis of research article introductions by Turkish authors writing in English
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2005) Salihoğlu, Umut Muharrem; Öztürk, İsmet; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
The study reported here investigates the structure of research article (RA) introductions written in English by Turkish authors and native speakers of English in the field of Environmental Engineering. A corpus of 20 RA introductions were analysed by the use of Create a Research Space model (CARS) proposed by Swales (1990). The findings indicated significant differences among the choice of patterns for macrostructure between native speakers of English and Turkish authors. The results also revealed a high avoidance of gap indication by Turkish authors. The study concludes with some brief suggestions on pedagogic implications.
Analysis of songs and implications for English language teaching
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009-10-19) Kahraman, Volkan; Öztürk, İsmet; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
Bu çalışmanın amacı pop ve rock müzik türleri arasında dilbilimsel bir fark olup olmadığını ve farklı müzik türlerinin dinleme aktivitelerinde sözcüklerin tanınmasında etkisinin olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Bu konuları incelemek için 42 pop ve rock şarkısı ortalama sözcük yoğunluğu analizine tabi tutulmuş ve farkı türlerin etkisinin olup olmadığını araştırmak üzere şarkılardan dördü bir üniversite hazırlık sınıfında öğrencilere bir dinleme aktivitesinde dinletilmiştir. Ortalama sözcük yoğunluğu analizinin sonuçları az da olsa rock şarkılarının pop şarkılarına kıyasla konuşma diline daha yakın olduğunu göstermiştir. Benzer şekilde, sözcük tanıma oranı rock şarkılarında daha fazla çıkmıştır. Sonuçlar rock müziği öne çıkarmaktadır; ancak, daha detaylı bir analiz göstermiştir ki şarkıların sözcük/süre oranları sözcük tanıma başarısında daha güvenilir bir gösterge olarak gözükmektedir.
Article use in the compositions by Turkish EFL students
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2003) Ürkmez, Sinem; Zaman, Mehmet; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
The English article system is one of the most complicated features of English grammar. Learners of English whose first language lacks an article system face an extra difficulty in acquiring the English article system. This study is an attempt to investigate the Turkish students' ability to use the English articles as an example for learners whose first language lacks an article system. The study focuses on the variability of "article use" in Turkish EFL learners' writing ability, and the variability of "errors" these students make in their use of articles. The present study is based on a learner corpus. Uludağ University English Language Teaching (ELT) Department students were the sample. The first year students of 1999- 2000 Academic Year were required to write an essay in their Writing Skills Final Examination Paper. 106 final exam papers were typed, and saved in plain text format without correcting mistakes of the students, and without making any changes. A concordance program was applied to the essays of the students in order to detach the sentences withthe definite article, THE and the indefinite article, A/AN. The remaining sentences were analyzed individually to encounter 0 articles. An article classification model was formed. The categories in this article classification model were based on Huebner's (Huebner 1979, 1983, 1985 in Parrish 1987 and in Butler 2002) semantic wheel. It was found that participants tend to use the definite article THE more frequently than any other articles. Looking at the variety of errors, the participants were aware that definiteness associates with THE, and indefiniteness associates with A/AN. However, they were unaware that the 0 article also associates with indefiniteness. In general, the participants could not decide whether to use THE or the 0 article. However,the participants had no difficulty in distinguishing THE from A/AN. The results indicated that the participants mostly overgeneralized the 0 article, and it was followed by THE, then A/AN. It was argued that the stated varieties in the article use and errors arise from the task applied for gathering the data, the participants first language, input frequency, and lack of sufficient information on articles in pedagogical materials. Finally it was recommended that more than one task should be applied for gathering data, and these tasks should be selected appropriately to make the participants use all categories of the articles. The information given on the articles should be designed by considering the learners whose LI lacks an article system. More attention should be given to the teaching of the 0 article, and genericness, and learners should be encouraged to raise their own learning of the article system.
The attitudes of teachers of English as a foreign language towards reflective teaching
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2008-03-11) Filiz, Yasemin; Genç, Zübeyde Sinem; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
Bu çalışma, İngilizce öğretmenlerinin, mesleki gelişimin bir parçası olan yansıtıcı öğretime yaklaşımlarını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Öğretime yansıtıcı yaklaşımın, algılanan öğretimde ve öğretmenin öğretmedeki rolünde değişiklik gerektirdiği savunulmaktadır. Öğretmenlerin yaklaşımlarını ortaya koymanın dışında, bu çalışmada tecrübeli ve tecrübesiz öğretmenlerin yansıtıcı öğretime yaklaşımları da karşılaştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın son amacı olarak da, öğretmenlerin yansıtıcı olmalarını engelleyen faktörler araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma Bursa’da çeşitli liselerde yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya 25 tecrübesiz, 25 tecrübeli öğretmen katılmıştır. Çalışma, küçük bir öğretmen grubuyla (sadece 50 öğretmen ), sınırlı olduğundan, çalışmanın sonuçlarını genellemek doğru olmayabilir. Verileri toplamak için anket hazırlanmış ve 25 tecrübesiz 25 tecrübeli öğretmene verilmiştir. Ayrıca tecrübesiz ve tecrübeli öğretmenlerle görüşme düzenlenmiştir. Görüşmeler araştırmacıya daha detaylı bilgi sağlamıştır. Görüşmeler sırasında öğretmenlerin yansıtıcı olmalarına engel olan faktörler de sorgulanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, öğretmenlerin çoğunluğunun yansıtıcı öğretime yaklaşımlarının olumlu olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmadan çıkan bir diğer sonuç da, tecrübeli öğretmenler ile tecrübesiz öğretmenlerin yansıtıcı öğretime yaklaşımlarında önemli farklılıklar bulunmasıdır. Bu çalışma çerçevesinde tecrübeli öğretmenlerin yansıtıcılık kavramının farkında oldukları ve gerekliliğine inandıkları görülürken diğer taraftan tecrübesiz öğretmenlerin yansıtıcılığın gerekliliğine inanmakta tereddüt ettikleri görülmektedir.
The attitudes of the learners in intensive English programme at Sakarya University towards computer assisted language learning
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2010) Balkul, Halil İbrahim; Barut, Erol; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
Bu çalışma genel olarak, Bilgisayar Destekli Dil Öğrenimi araştırma alanı ve Sakarya Üniversitesi İngilizce Hazırlık Programı'na kayıtlı öğrencilerin Bilgisayar Destekli Dil Öğrenimi ilişkin tutumlarına odaklanmıştır.Sakarya Üniversitesi İngilizce Hazırlık Programı'na kayıtlı 134 öğrenci bu çalışmaya örneklem grubu olarak katılmıştır. Bilgisayar Destekli Dil Öğrenimine ilişkin tutumlarında herhangi bir değişiklik olup olmadığını saptamak için, örneklem grubuna akademik dönemin başında ve beş ay sonra ön-test ve son-test formatında anketler verilmiştir. Çalışmadaki veriler 2008-2009 akademik döneminde toplanmıştır.Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, beş aylık tecrübe dönemi içerisinde örneklem grubunun Bilgisayar Destekli Dil Öğrenimine ilişkin tutumlarında genel olarak olumlu değişikliklerin olduğunu göstermektedir. Ama bazı öğrenci gruplarının davranışlarında birtakım düşüşler görülmüştür, bu da ileride yapılacak çalışmalara bir kaynak oluşturabilir. Halihazırdaki çalışma ve içerisinde bulunan anket, gelecekte farklı öğrenci grupları ve farklı eğitim ortamlarında oluşturulacak olan diğer araştırmalara uyarlanabilir
Attitudes on classroom management among EFL teachers in private and state primary and high schools
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2008) Kurumehmetoğlu, Özlem; Genç, Zübeyde Sinem; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
This study investigated the beliefs of the teachers about classroom management in EFL classes in both private and state primary and high schools. The focus of the study was on the possible problems in classroom management and how to deal with them.55 English language teachers at different twenty primary schools and fifteen different high schools in Bursa, Turkey, participated in this study as subjects. They were given a questionnaire. The data was gathered during the autumn of the 2007-2008 academic year.The results revealed that English language teachers believed that the students aren't interested in English lessons, the students are unmotivated and the students talk very much. These are the most common problems for the classroom management that the teachers believed and faced to face everyday in their language classes. The findings divulged that there have been various problems related to those such as, cheating, teacher talk, giving instructions, keeping the students on task, the importance of the voice and the body language of the teachers, the effects of the large and crowded classes, motivation, the teachers? roles, management of the time.Since these findings in this study are limited to these kinds of problems in twenty different primary schools and different fifteen high schools in Bursa, Turkey, it may not be completely true to generalize the results of this research. However, it may give a general idea about the subjects? beliefs and the some common problems of the EFL classes for the classroom management in both private and state primary and high schools.
Balkan geopolitics and Chameria question
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2019-09-27) Irieda, Hamzaj; Sezgin, Kaya; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Uluslararası İlişkiler Ana Bilim Dalı; Uluslararası İlişkiler Bilim Dalı
This study analyzes historical facts from the end of the Ottoman Empire until nowadays and shows the consequences that geopolitical games had upon the Balkan Peninsula. Within this study firstly it is presented the history and principles of both classical and critical Geopolitics, including a detailed explanation of the geopolitical position of Balkans and the Chameria Region. Additionally, the whole historical prospectus of the Balkans in general and Chameria Question, in particular, has been explained according to classical geopolitical strategies. It is the first time that the Chameria Question is seen under the geopolitical perspective. The main query reveals the importance of this small land for both countries Albania and Greece as well as the direct interests that different actors such as Great Britain, the United States of America and Russia have for the region. To achieve this, sources from different languages such as Albanian, French, English, Turkish, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese have been used. In sequence, based on the hypothesis of this study, it is observed that these geopolitical strategies are present and continue to lie underneath an elusive peace even in this century. These strategies after the 1990s made possible the change of state borders thus changed once again the balance of powers in the region. Yet for Chameria there is still no official solution that would appease the situation and satisfy both countries.
Bounds of bounded rationality
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2023-07-12) Shamyradov, Begenchmyrat; Bahtiyar, Görkem; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; İktisat Ana Bilim Dalı; İktisat Politikası Bilim Dalı; 0009-0000-7808-2876
Human rationality has been discussed throughout history, but the discussion has not been conclusive so far. Following Kahneman and Tversky’s seminal research program, priorunderstanding of rationality was challenged. Under the name of biases and fallaciesextensive bulk of studies have been conducted to demonstrate how the human mindviolates so-called rationality norms. This way of analyzing human brain from an absolute rationalist perspective is not a favorable idea because it lacks putting forth the relationship between decision makers and the environment. Worst of all, it sets some vague rationality norms that are not universally accepted and models that abide by those rules rare lyperform better than heuristics. Gigerenzer et al. strenuously oppose this approach and propose a more unified theory of the human mind. Their understanding of Bounded Rationality stems from Herbert Simon’s ideas and sets forth satisficing rather than maximizing. They generated dozens of studies on how the human mind makes practical decisions in various environments. By not encapsulating the human mind to some norm sthey illustrated that how smart decisions can be made with very simple rules in real world. Despite its limited calculation capacity, the human mind can make incredibly fast and frugal decisions most of the time without relying on much information. Yet, the boundsof humans’ decision-making capacities remain to be precisely und is covered. In thisthesis, the reasons of why Gigerenzer et al.’s approach in studies of human rationality ismore comprehensive and constructive than Kahneman and Tversky’s approach and how the human mind can make good enough decisions by relying on heuristics will be elaborated.
Christian mission in post-independence Indonesia
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2018-03-07) Himam, Mohammad Muafi; Şenay, Bülent; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı; Dinler Tarihi Bilim Dalı
The arrival of Portuguese and Dutch to Southeast Asia in the fifteenth century as part of a new world quest also became the beginning of the Christian mission in the Indonesian archipelago. The Christian mission carried out by missionaries who came with the Portuguese and Dutch ships faced resistance from the rulers who had embraced Islam a century earlier. Christianity gradually identified with colonialism, and it forms a new image of Christianity as a colonial religion. Moreover, the colonial government continued to support Christian activities, while ignoring aid to Islamic activities. The Dutch government has led to conflicts between these two religions. This contestation that lasted for hundreds of years made an impact on the relationship between these two religions after Indonesia gained its independence. Accompanied by various decisions of the new order government in the social and political sphere, the potential of conflict among adherents of both religions is increasingly ignited. In the end, the government began to take various approaches to mitigate the conflict that has long been abandoned. Various accusations are raised, which pursue the conclusion that the primary source of inter-religious conflict is the lack of mutual respect in spreading their respective religions. By some Muslim groups, Christian mission is considered as the axis of conflict; whereas by some Christian groups, political jealousy of Muslim groups is considered to harm the principles of freedom and tolerance in Indonesia. In this study, the author presents data based on the historical development of Christian mission in Indonesia and how Christian missionary related to the interreligious conflicts which continue to be unresolved problems, even until the post-reform era. The authors found that the conflicts between Muslims and Christians in Indonesia occurred not only because of the mission itself. But, there are other factors such as politics, economics, and internal-external policies.
Classroom foreign language anxiety among Turkish primary school students
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2006) Sertçetin, Aydan; Döner Yılmaz, Derya; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
This study aims to look into Classroom Foreign Language Anxiety of Turkish Primary School Students, in Bursa,Turkey. The effect of gender factor to the type and level of anxiety has also been analysed. For collecting the data needed, 5th class and 8th class students were given a widely accepted questonnaire about Classroom Foreign Language Anxiety, which is prepared by Horwitz, Horwitz & Cope in 1986. This questionnaire was simplified and translated into Turkish in order for the young learners to understand better. Together with the questionnaire, the researcher used some informal interviews carried out with the participants. 87 8th class students, 97 5th class students were given the questionnaire and the results were classified into four groups. Firstly, all the 5th and 8th class students were compared. Then; girls and boys in total were analysed. Thirdly; girls and boys in 5th classes, lastly; girls and boys in 8th classes were analysed and computed according to scales. After discussing the results gained through the questionnaire, some remarkable results emerged. In the comparison of young learners and teenagers, about most of the feelings including Test Anxiety, Communication Apprehension and Fear of Negative Evaluation young learners scored significantly higher than teenagers. In the comparison of girls and boys in general and in specific in both classes; girls tend to worry about the opinions of their peers, and thus; experience more fear of negative evaluation than boys. While the situation is the opposite in test anxiety and attitudes. Boys tend to overestimate their friends’performances and underestimate their own competence. Therefore; they develop more negative attitudes towards English. As a result; they experience more test anxiety, due to their assumptions about themselves and negative attitudes. In conclusion; this study shows that, it is also possible that young learners may experience foreign language anxiety. It also increased awareness for the foreign language anxiety among young learners. Suggestions for further research about the reasons of this anxiety and some limitations of the study are also included in the last chapter.
Comparative analyis of consequences of breach of contracts and the implementation in standard construction contracts
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2019-12-10) Rıgga, Gago Mealii; Yılmaz, Çiğdem Mine; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Özel Hukuk Ana Bilim Dalı; Hukuk Bilim Dalı
This study focuses on elaborating on the various sanctions that arise in the event one party of a contract fails to perform their part of obligation. Each of the widely recognized sanctions are analyzed and examined from the position or perspective of major legal families. Common law and Civil law are the main legal traditions. However, they are quite distinct and different. While their common goal is creating a fair and just legal system which provides certainty and protection to all legal families, each of these two systems has its own unique manner in how they deal with legal issues. The events of their respective histories have led towards certain fundamental similarities and differences. As such, this study looks at how similar contractual sanctions have been dealt with under Civil law, Common law, as well as the approach of international sources of law towards the same sanction. In the same connection, there is an increase of globalization in the world economy and people across various legal jurisdictions are entering into contracts. In light of that, this study pays a particular attention to standard construction contracts. FIDIC contracts, are reputed as the leading contracts in international engineering and construction projects, as such, in the third chapter of this study, we shall conclude by looking at how the law governing standard international contracts, i.e. FIDIC Contracts, deal with the various sanctions. The reason for looking at these construction contracts is because they operate in an international environment, characterized by conflict of jurisdictions, and as such the study aims to show what the law governing international standard construction contracts stipulates, this is more so in order to determine how these laws have been able to adopt or rather assimilate the various influences from the diverse legal backgrounds and how they create a balance between people from different legal backgrounds that enter into such contracts.
A comparative analysis of Indonesia and Turkey's foreign policy toward the Middle East: The case study of Palestine Issue and Syria Crisis
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2018-06-19) Pramuji, Noor Fahmi; Arı, Tayyar; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Uluslararası İlişkiler Ana Bilim Dalı
This study aims to perform a comparative analysis of Turkey and Indonesia's foreign policy on Palestine Issue and Syria Crisis in particular. It also reviews both countries’ foreign policy toward the Middle East since their declaration of becoming Republic states in general. As foreign policy theory, neoclassical realism is applied. It then discusses changing dynamics and analyses influential factors shaping Turkey and Indonesia policies of Palestine Issue and Syria Crisis at the unit and systemic level of analysis. It summarises that the factors of leaders' perceptions upon international and regional systemic changing trends and pressures as well as state powers have become influential factors. In case of Palestine issue, during 2004-2016, Turkish domestic politics has undergone domestic transformations namely first public opinion and civil society's roles influence the foreign policy. Before the AKP party came to power, a determinant actor of Turkey’s foreign policy was the military. However, the military role then decline. Instead, the role of non actor states including civil society and non-government organizations have increased. Domestic public opinion has been marked by a re-emergence of common historical and cultural senses under Ottoman heritages. This factor then results in a reactive engagement of Turkey to the Middle East. Second, the emergence of civilian leader as a new actor of foreign policy. The mechanism of foreign decision-making then shifted v following a decline of military influence. An active civilian control emerged and domestic political structure rebuilt. It resulted in multi-actor of foreign policy such as NGO, think tanks, etc. They contribute as the new tool of Turkish soft power. Third, leader factors. Leaders play roles in attracting international public opinion. Turkish leader’s opinion perceives that no permanent peace of region without peace in Palestine. They also put an emphasis to a strategic importance of Muslim world. Therefore Turkey needs to re-engage into the regional issues. Fourth, an increase of Islamist factor. Re-involvement of Muslim groups into domestic politics serves a democratic equality for all parties. Turkish NGO with Islamist outlook also rises as a pressure group, thus it impacts on the concern to the Palestine issue. They put a large concern to the sensitivity of Jerusalem status and nature as a holy city for Muslims especially a concern to who will control that holy city.Fifth, a proactive foreign policy. the Israel-Palestine conflict that perceived as the heart of regional instability results in proactive foreign policy into the settlement of Palestine issue. In regional level, the main source of regional conflict is the Palestine-Israel conflict. In sum, Turkey conducts a balancing policy during the AKP administration regarding Palestine issue. Indonesia sets the aspiration of an active engagement policy in the Middle East. It could be seen such as a presence of special of the Middle East diplomatic mission, Indonesia government recognition and support to Hamas after won the parliament election for Gaza strip, the efforts to be honest broaker in Palestine-Israel conflict, and an official representation in Ramallah. Indonesia also is officially consistent to adopt a nonrecognition policy of the state of Israel. Indonesia has undergone several diplomatic efforts in regional and international level to support the recognition of the state of Palestine and proposed on humanitarian approach by providing a continuation of humantarian aids for Palestinians. In comparison with Turkey, during 2004-2016, Indonesia has undergone transition era to civil democracy era. It has turn into a democracy process and reach democratic stability in post-transition. In democratic era of Indonesia, anti-colonialism spirit of 1945 Constitution has been continued as a historical basis of Indonesia's engagement. Besides, Indonesian government accomodates Muslim aspiration through the presence of Islamist considerations into the state’s foreign policy. An increase of Islamist factor in domestic politics namely Islamist-oriented aspirations in domestic public opinion. There a high level of sensitivity upon the issues including the Jerusalem issue in which Al-Aqsa mosque vi placed on as one of prominent issues, beyond Palestinian refugee issue and Israel occupation on Palestinian lands for the Indonesian Muslim groups and government. In other words, there interplay between Muslim groups and Indonesian government in regard to deal with Palestine issue. A major of Indonesian Muslims and government officially are united to struggle for Palestinians. Other Islamist factors are Muslim groups as the moral force. Muslim groups put pressure if the government behave in passive response to the Islamist issues. An example of strong and harsh pressures of all segment Muslim groups over any initiative of opening diplomatic ties with Israel by Indonesian governments, so it is often suspended by eventually cancelled. In addition, an increasingly role of Islamist parties as well as new Indonesia's international orientation and identity have affected a continuity of nonrecognition policy towards Israel and supporting Palestine in accordance with two-state solution. In the level of international, the wave of democratization policy leads to the emergence of democratised foreign policy. Indonesia's democratised foreign policy has been conducted through various diplomatic efforts creating an active involvement of nonstate actors. After the Syrian revolution in 2012 escalated, it has turned into a civil war. The emergence of various non-state actors such the ISIS, the PYD-YPG, and other militant or radical groups, as well as direct intervention of regional and international powers sparked the conflict much more escalated. These have posed direct threat to Turkey and challenged Turkey’s Middle East policy, notably in Syria. Therefore, Turkey’s Syria policy has changed from soft power to hard power approach. Several domestic influential factors shaping Turkish policy first a humanitarian dimension of crisis namely the influx of refugees results in an open door policy. Since 2011, Syria conflict has sparked refugee waves to Turkey. As a direct neighboring countries, it had been demanded by international community and domestic humanitarian nature to open the borders and secure the people. Second, the security threat in Turkey-Syria’s borders. Assad regime’s military policy against the Syrian oppositions and the development of the crisis with an engagement various non-state armed groups (the YPG-PYD, ISIS, other moderate and radical groups) that began in 2013 have made the situation more complicated. Due to their activities strived to claim the sovereignty and conducted terror attacks, hence those have posed threats to Turkish national security and territorial integrity. Another risk is the influx of foreign terrorist fighters across the border through Turkey on their way to and from Syria. vii Even, probably they reside in Turkey as a third country before returning to home countries. So, it also has to dealt with the way to send them back to countries of origin. In the international level, the most influential factors are first the international and regional actors’ engagement into the conflict. Since 2015, there has increased the international interventions. Foreign countries and non state actors’ involvement have created the strategic pattern of alliance and enmity among global and regional powers as well as non-state actors. Second, the rise of ISIS. This terror organization posed the threat to Turkish national security through multiple suicide bombings. Third, the emergence of the PYD threat. This group has taken benefits of Syria conflict through controlling the Syrian Kurds, self-proclaiming several cantons and establishing a sphere of influence or terror corridor in northern Syria bordering Turkey. On the other hand, Indonesian government policy towards the Syria crisis can be explained through the influencing factors as follow. First, a commitment to non-alignment with any military bloc as one of basic ideas of the principle of Independent Foreign Policy. In Syria conflict, Indonesia prevents from any engagement of the multilateral and bilateral military pact with Syria and major powers. Instead, it prefers to strengthen ties rely on peaceful coexistance. Given, Indonesia has a critical and substansial roles in the establishment of the NAM, so it positions itself to commit the basic spirit of nonalignment. Second, the leader perceptions. Indonesia stance is sided with neither the Assad regime nor the oppositions while it adopts non-interference into Syria’s domestic politics. In other words, Indonesia’s official stance is neutral. This stance is meant it fighting against any colonialism and violation forms caused by the regime under the world peace and security. Indonesia government not interpret the neutral stance as a neutral politic that means not to care to the crisis but conducts policy in a way of achieving its national interest. Third, the protection of Indonesian citizens in Syria as a foreign policy’s priority. In order to pursue this goal, Indonesian government is still opening diplomatic representatives in Damascus, Aleppo and Latakia. This representatives has main task to protect, defend and secure them until they are repatriated to Indonesia. No matter who rules, it will cooperate in line with its strategic interests still remain there. Moreover, the influential factors in international level are first the ISIS and Indonesian foreign fighters dimension. Indonesia was also targeted by the ISIS through multiple ISIS-linked and inspired terror attacks. Besides, ISIS also is defined as a threat as the possible terror attacks conducted by Indonesia-origined foreign fighters return to home. viii The potential threats of the presence of the ISIS’ supporters and recruits in Indonesia is revival of local extremist groups’ sleep cells that probably conducting terror attacks, promoting inter and intra religious conflict, fulfilling the lack of local militant group’s capability, recruiting the new cadres targeting youth cadres. Second, Indonesia’s role within the framework of the OIC. Despite, Indonesia is the world’s majority Muslim populated country and an active actor in the OIC, in fact, Indonesia has no significant role on Syria crisis. It has only played the limited role due to several factors namely a minor actor in term of regional geopolitics and the lack of experience upon the regional complex politics. It remains to manage limited bilateral ties with Syria government. In sum, it tends to conduct a passive foreign policy on Syria crisis. In conclusion, Turkey has adopted and preferred to choose humanitarian and political-oriented approach towards Syria crisis. However, after several international developments rised which put risks to its national security, Turkish foreign policy has then shifted to propose a security-oriented approach. It combines soft and hard powers in formulating process of the foreign policy. Meanwhile, Indonesian government also has put forth primarily humanitarian approach in dealing with the humanitarian crisis in Syria while suggesting such political solution stance in order to solve that crisis with optimalizing the way of diplomacy. Indonesian leaders stance is to prevent a military approach. When it is evaluated on the basic principle of Indonesian foreign policy namely independent and active principle, Indonesia is independent but not active. In this context, these basic principles determine it not enter a formal alliance, further not interferring and involving into other state’s domestic problems. Instead, it should actively encourage bilateral cooperations with other countries. In addition, it demonstrates a status quo of Indonesia’s independent and active foreign policy in a pragmatic way. In this situation, it might recognise that there is a gap between its aspiration and capability to play wider global roles especially in participating to the conflict resolution of the Middle East region. Indonesia government and Muslim group tend to stand in opposite in case of Syria crisis. Indonesian government tend to position in moderate stance and keep in status quo of non-interference policy upon the domestic problem of Syria. For Indonesian goverment, there several reasons why Indonesia still continue to open its diplomatic representative and develop bilateral ties in Syria while most countries closed their diplomatic office in Damascus. First, historical relations between Syria and Indonesia. Syria was the first countries which recognized Indonesia’s independence. Second, Indonesia avoids to be ix perceived by Syria regime of getting involved into Syria’s domestic issue especially Syria’s territorial sovereignty. Third, respect to Syria as a member of the NAM. In which the NAM adopts non-interefere policy as an agreement amongst member states. While Indonesia considers the NAM was birth and insipired by the Bandung Conference with its “Dasasila Bandung” whose an important principle is to respect other state territorial sovereignty. In other words, Indonesia has been trying to play a normative international role in case of Syria crisis. In sum, Indonesian political power might not be powerful yet in affecting the conflict resolution directly compared to other international and regional actors such as Turkey might be has.
A comparative study on the use of refusals by Turkish learners of English and native speakers of English in urban and rural areas
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2006) Tekyıldız, Özlem; Genç, Zübeyde Sinem; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
This study was carried out in order to investigate the similarities and differences between the use of refusal strategies used by TLE in urban areas, TLE in rural areas, NSE in urban areas and NSE in rural areas. 101 Turkish EFL learners and 50 native speakers of English participated in the present study. In order to gather the necessary information a discourse completion questionaire (DCQ) was administered. The DCQ consists of 9 situations which may require a refusal : three invitations, three requests and three offers. For each of these three groups of situations, the subjects were in interaction with one higher, one equal and one lower status interlocutor. The data were analysed by means of pearson chisquare, correlation and Mann Whitney-U tests. Analysis of the data showed that subjects in all groups used the refusal strategies in a manner similar to one another. All the subjects seem to have similar notions of directness and indirectness in their actions with people from varied social status. In addition, it was observed that the status of interlocutor was an important factor in strategy choice for all respondent groups. It might be wrong to generalize the findings of this study since the limited number of subjects participated in it. That is why this fact should be taken into consideration when the findings are evaluated.
Comparing approaches for vocabulary teaching to young EFL learners
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2009) Şahin, Suna; Yılmaz, Derya Döner; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
Bu çalısma; çocuklara yabancı dil ögretiminde, özellikle kelime ögretiminde, daha etkili bir yol olup olmadıgını arastırmaktadır. Bunun için odagın kelimelerde oldugu (bilinçli ve kasıtlı bir süreç olarak düsünülebilecek bir yöntem) ve odagın verilen görevi tamamlamada oldugu, kelimelerin yapılan etkinligin yan ürünü olarak kazanıldıgı (daha az bilinçli ve kasıtsız bir süreç olarak düsünülebilecek bir yöntem) farklı iki kelime ögretme yaklasımı kullanılmıstır. Çalısmanın katılımcıları, çalısma boyunca 48 hedef kelimeye (ki sıklıkla karsılasılan kelimeler olarak düsünülebilirler) maruz kalan 52 tane Türk Devlet Okulu 4. sınıf ögrencisidir. Katılımcılar kelime ögretme yaklasımlarına göre iki gruba ayrılmıslardır. Bir gruba kelimeler direkt olarak ögretilirken, digerine dolaylı yoldan verilmistir. Uygulanan yaklasımlardan edinilen kazanımları degerlendirebilmek için, aynı ön test ve son testler her iki gruba da uygulanmıstır. Sonuç olarak kelimelerin direkt olarak ögretildigi grup daha basarılı olmustur. Beklentilerin dısında gelisen bu sonuç, gelecekteki yabancı dil müfredatı açısından detaylı bir sekilde tartısılmıstır.
Compliment responses in English and Turkish with implications for language learning
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2003) Tüzün, Derya; Öztürk, İsmet; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı; İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Bilim Dalı
The present study was conducted to investigate compliment response strategies used by Turkish EFL learners, gender differences in the strategies and the comparison between Turkish and English compliment responses. Also, the linguistic realization of the strategies was investigated. The subjects were 67 students in a private high school in Bursa.( 35 female and 32 male students) Date were collected by the use of DCT. The data revealed that compliment response strategies in Turkish how similarities with English compliment response strategies. The findings suggest that both Turkish and English speakers tend to accept or agree while responding to a compliment. The rejection and downgrading strategies were less frequently used in the two languages. It was found that in responding to compliments two languages were very close and cross- cultural communication can become unproblematic. The study has implication for language pedagogy and textbook writing.
The concept of the state in the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2023-07-28) Ishanch, Ahmad Khesrow; Çüçen, Abdulkadir; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Felsefe Ana Bilim Dalı; 0009-0002-6888-8467
No justice, business, or culture can exist if no one trusts a higher authority to settle disagreements. To end this unsustainable state, people must agree to give up their natural rights to everything in exchange for the head of a Leviathan, a governmental power above them. This study investigated the view of Thomas Hobbes on government; the method of conducting this research is in the form of a literature review that includes the use of books and articles published in the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. The results showed that Hobbes believed that a government headed by a king was the best form the sovereign could take. Placing all power in the hands of a king would mean a more resolute and consistent exercise of political authority, Hobbes argued. In addition, Hobbes argued that the social contract did not exist between the people and their king but only among them. It was illegal for the people to revolt against the king once he had been given absolute power. As Hobbes did, he warned against the church interfering in the king's government. He was worried that religious strife could spark a civil war. The church should be subordinate to the king's administration, so he suggested maintaining tighter control over spiritual matters. For Hobbes, there should be no choice but to obey the king in cases of conflict between divine and royal law.
Conflict influenced by geography: analysis of Kenya’s geographical position to explain the Somali and North-Eastern Kenya’s unrest
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2020-07-30) Odwar, Fiona Nzingo Anyango; Yılmaz, Muzaffer Ercan; Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Uluslararası İlişkiler Ana Bilim Dalı; Uluslararası İlişkiler Bilim Dalı
Afrika toplumları ve diğer büyüyen ülkeler zor bir krizden geçmektedir; sömürge öncesi zamanlardan beri etnik çatışmalar vardır. Sömürgecilikten beri çatışmalar farklı türlere dönüştü. Dünyada ciddi bir sorun teşkil ediyor. Afrika içinde en belirgin çatışmaya sahip bölgelerden bazıları batı, orta ve doğu bölgelerinde yer almaktadır. Afrika sınırları sürekli olarak kötü bir şöhrete sahiptir. Tarihe göre, Afrika'daki sınır anlaşmazlığı sömürgeci bir miras. Bu anlaşmazlık, 1884/85 Berlin konferansında Afrika'nın kapışmasından ve bölünmesinden sonra. Afrika'daki çoğu çatışma sisteminde hem etnik sınırlar hem de ulusal sınırlar önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Afrika bölgesi gibi, Afrika sınırları da çeşitli şekilde 'keyfi' ve 'yapay' sömürge yapıları olarak tanımlanmıştır; bu karardan bazi Afrikalılara zorlandı. Bu belirsiz idari sınırlar geçmişte Kuzey Doğu Kenya'da çok az sonuç vermiştir. Bunun zaman içinde değiştiği kanıtlanmıştır. Somali Al- Shabaab'ın artan saldırıları ve Somali mültecilerinin Kenya'ya akması da Kuzey Doğu Kenya'daki çatışma ve güvenlik durumunu etkiledi. Bu rapor, Kuzeydoğu Kenya'daki bağlamı, Somali'deki durumun yayılma etkisine ve bunun daha geniş etkilerine odaklanarak değerlendirecektir. Bu tezde aynı zamanda Somali etnik grubuna ev sahipliği yapan Kenya - Somali sınır bölgelerinin birbirine bağlılığı ve sınır engelinin potansiyel etkisi incelenecektir. Bölgedeki sınır güvenliğinin karmaşıklığına bir katkı olarak sömürgeci ve sömürgeci güçlerin yürüttüğü tarihsel sınırlandırma süreci arasındaki bağlantıyı inceleyeceğim. Jeopolitik analiz, Somali etnik grubundaki kimlik politikalarının ortaya çıkmasının yanı sıra, teröristlerin bu etnik kimliği kendi çıkarları için nasıl kullandıklarını incelemek için de kullanılacaktır. Çalışma, hem ev sahibi hem de mülteci topluluklarındaki sakinleri güçlendiren sürdürülebilir çözümler için programatik önerilerle sona ermektedir. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, coğrafyanın Kuzey Doğu Kenya'da yaşanan huzursuzluk üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmek ve Somali'deki devlet içi çatışma tehdidinin Kuzey Doğu Kenya'nın güvenliğini nasıl etkilediğini incelemek ve durumu iyileştirmek için uygun çatışma çözümü yaklaşımını sunmaktır.. Araştırma aynı zamanda coğrafyanın Kuzey Doğu Kenya bölgesinde yaşanan benzer çatışmalarda oynadığı rolü analiz etmeye çalışmaktadır.

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